> ## Documentation Index
> Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://docs.amlok.io/llms.txt
> Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further.

# Trade credit benchmarks

> Evaluate insured receivables, buyer concentration, collection performance and claims exposure.

Keep the insured seller, buyer, invoice and policy as separate objects. Seller cash-flow stress, buyer non-payment and an insured claim are related but different outcomes.

## Financial-risk measures

| Measure | Definition and comparison rule |
| - | - |
| Receivable aging | Invoice exposure by contractual days past due, retaining disputes, credits and partial payments. |
| Buyer concentration | Eligible receivables or insured exposure attributable to each buyer and related group. |
| Limit utilization | Eligible insured exposure divided by the documented buyer limit, with exclusions identified. |
| Claims frequency | Claims against a defined policy, buyer or invoice population and observation horizon. |
| Claims severity | Paid or incurred claim amounts, recoveries, deductibles and coverage share stated separately. |
| Loss ratio | A defined claims measure divided by the corresponding premium measure, on a consistent accounting basis. |

## Public benchmark sources

[OSFI's property and casualty financial data](https://www.osfi-bsif.gc.ca/en/data-forms/open-government-osfi-financial-data/working-open-government-data) provide insurer-return context. Use the relevant line and reporting definition; total property and casualty results are not a trade-credit benchmark. Preserve gross or net reinsurance treatment and do not mix written with earned-premium denominators.

Aggregate returns do not contain invoice-level buyer outcomes. The required research cohort links authorized receivable histories to independently verified collection or claim events.

## AMLOK evaluation

Test buyer resolution, invoice aging, policy-term extraction and the mapping of limits to eligible exposure. Measure missed and incorrectly merged buyers separately. Avoid inferring cover from the existence of an invoice alone.

Hold out buyer groups and later underwriting periods. Evaluate collection deterioration separately from claims, which depend on policy terms and reporting delay. For Signal, measure supported changes in receivables and concentration; the institution handles claims and intervention.

Use the [entity-graph protocol](https://docs.amlok.io/research/entity-graph.md) and [common evaluation design](https://docs.amlok.io/research/industries/index.md#amlok-evaluation-design). This research page does not add claims-administration capabilities.


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